Microprocessor:
An integrated circuit that
contains all the functions of a central processing unit of a computer. Microprocessor
is an electronic chip that performs both control and processing functions.
Microprocessor or the CPU of a microcomputer acts as the brain; coordinating
all the activities within the computer.
Functional
components of µp
•
Every microprocessor has at least the following
functional components which forms the CPU of classical computer are as under:
•
Register
section
•
Arithmetic
logic unit
•
Interface
section
•
Control
unit
Register section: set of
registers are used for temporary storage of instructions, data and address of
data. Store arbitrary data and also used to control the processor. Some Common
registers are as Accumulators, memory address registers, program counter etc
Arithmetic logic Unit: executes
all arithmetic & logic instructions. For example, Arithmetic addition and
logic AND operations will be performed in the arithmetic and logic unit.
Interface section: Input & output lines through which the MPU
commutate with the outside world is called interface section.
Control unit: coordinates and controls the activities of the
various sections with in the MPUs and other devices connected to the interface
section.
Block diagram of microprocessor
Systems
Bus: The input and
output lines, through which the MPU communicates with the outside world such as
memory and
I/O devices are called Systems Bus.
A µp communicates with memory and
other devices (I/O) using the given three busses.
•
Address
bus
•
Data bus
•
Control
bus
Address bus: The addressed bus provides this
unique memory address or I/O device address. Address bus is a unidirectional
i.e. numbers only sent from µp to the memory, no other way
Data bus: Data is transferred in both directions through
data bus. Any information, instruction or data is communicated with the outside
world through these busses.
Control bus: It is a group of various signal lines used to
provide control and synchronization signals. µP generates different control
signals for different operations. These signals are used to identify the device
with which the up wants to communicate.
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